文章将简单的结合JDK源码来展示Java 常用集合类型的数据结构，所使用的JDK为1.8版本。
1.List和Set相比，List是有序可重复的，Set是无序不可重复；
2.HashMap无序线程不安全，HashTable线程安全，TreeMap有序；
3.HashMap的Key和Value都可以为null，HashTable不可以为null；
4.编译阶段HashMap/TreeMap/HashTable Key和Value都可以null；
5.运行是阶段HashMap key和value也可以为null，当get(null)是，value=null；
6.运行是阶段TreeMap value可以为null，但是key不可以为null，否则会报空指针；
7.运行是阶段HashTable key和value都不可以为null否则会报空；
HashMap
public class Test {
static Map map = new HashMap<>();
static Map map1 = new TreeMap();
static Map map2 = new Hashtable();
public static void main(String[] args){
map.put("123",null);
System.out.println("Key 123 value is " + map.get("123"));
System.out.println("====================");
map.put(null,null);
System.out.println("Key null value is " + map.get(null));
}
}
输出结果：
Key 123 value is null
====================
Key null value is null
TreeMap
public class Test {
static Map map = new HashMap<>();
static Map map1 = new TreeMap();
static Map map2 = new Hashtable();
public static void main(String[] args){
map1.put("123",null);
System.out.println("Key 123 value is " + map1.get("123"));
System.out.println("====================");
map1.put(null,null);
System.out.println("Key null value is " + map1.get(null));
}
}
输出结果：
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.TreeMap.put(TreeMap.java:563)
at com.troy.concurrent.Test.main(Test.java:15)
Key 123 value is null
====================
HashTable
public class Test {
static Map map = new HashMap<>();
static Map map1 = new TreeMap();
static Map map2 = new Hashtable();
public static void main(String[] args){
map2.put("123",null);
System.out.println("Key 123 value is " + map2.get("123"));
System.out.println("====================");
map2.put(null,null);
System.out.println("Key null value is " + map2.get(null));
}
}
输出结果：
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at java.util.Hashtable.put(Hashtable.java:459)
at com.troy.concurrent.Test.main(Test.java:12)
List
ArrayList
源码展示：
根据ArrayList的源码可以看到ArrayList的底层存储结构是一个Object[] elementData,然后可以看到get(int index) 方法也是从elementData里面拿value出来，也就是说ArrayList的底层数据结构是一个数组。
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* Default initial capacity.
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
...
...
...
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
* empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
* will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
*/
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
...
...
...
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
LinkedList
源码展示：
通过源码可以看到，LinkedList里面保存的是一个Node
public class LinkedList<E>
extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
private static class Node<E> {
E item;
Node<E> next;
Node<E> prev;
Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);
return node(index).item;
}
/**
* Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
*/
Node<E> node(int index) {
// assert isElementIndex(index);
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
Map
HashMap
源码展示：
通过源码可以看到HashMap里面的Node保存了一个Key的hash值，当前Node的Key & Value，还有Next Node，同时可以在get方法里面发现，HashMap拿值是从一个叫做table的变量里面去拿，通过resize方法可以看到table是一个Node数组，当从HashMap里面get数据的时候是通过对比hash值来判断，据说此方法可以显著提高效率，博主才疏学浅不知道原理，就先这样记下吧，到这里我们可以看到HashMap的数据是保存在一个带有hash值的Node数组里面，并且每个Node内部也有一个指向了下一个Node的对象。
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
/**
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
* key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
* it returns {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
* <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
* indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
* possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
* The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
* distinguish these two cases.
*
* @see #put(Object, Object)
*/
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
/**
* Implements Map.get and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @return the node, or null if none
*/
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
return null;
}
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
TreeMap
源码展示：
顾名思义TreeMap的数据结构就是一个树形，Java中的TreeMap里面的数据结构对应的是一个二叉树，代码里面可以看到当我们调用get方法去拿值的时候会去一个叫做root的对象里面开始查找(也就是说从根节点开始遍历)，最终返回匹配的值。
public class TreeMap<K,V>
extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements NavigableMap<K,V>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
/**
* The comparator used to maintain order in this tree map, or
* null if it uses the natural ordering of its keys.
*
* @serial
*/
private final Comparator<? super K> comparator;
private transient Entry<K,V> root;
/**
* The number of entries in the tree
*/
private transient int size = 0;
/**
* The number of structural modifications to the tree.
*/
private transient int modCount = 0;
/**
* Constructs a new, empty tree map, using the natural ordering of its
* keys. All keys inserted into the map must implement the {@link
* Comparable} interface. Furthermore, all such keys must be
* <em>mutually comparable</em>: {@code k1.compareTo(k2)} must not throw
* a {@code ClassCastException} for any keys {@code k1} and
* {@code k2} in the map. If the user attempts to put a key into the
* map that violates this constraint (for example, the user attempts to
* put a string key into a map whose keys are integers), the
* {@code put(Object key, Object value)} call will throw a
* {@code ClassCastException}.
*/
public TreeMap() {
comparator = null;
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty tree map, ordered according to the given
* comparator. All keys inserted into the map must be <em>mutually
* comparable</em> by the given comparator: {@code comparator.compare(k1,
* k2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any keys
* {@code k1} and {@code k2} in the map. If the user attempts to put
* a key into the map that violates this constraint, the {@code put(Object
* key, Object value)} call will throw a
* {@code ClassCastException}.
*
* @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this map.
* If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable natural
* ordering} of the keys will be used.
*/
public TreeMap(Comparator<? super K> comparator) {
this.comparator = comparator;
}
/**
* Constructs a new tree map containing the same mappings as the given
* map, ordered according to the <em>natural ordering</em> of its keys.
* All keys inserted into the new map must implement the {@link
* Comparable} interface. Furthermore, all such keys must be
* <em>mutually comparable</em>: {@code k1.compareTo(k2)} must not throw
* a {@code ClassCastException} for any keys {@code k1} and
* {@code k2} in the map. This method runs in n*log(n) time.
*
* @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
* @throws ClassCastException if the keys in m are not {@link Comparable},
* or are not mutually comparable
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
*/
public TreeMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
comparator = null;
putAll(m);
}
public V get(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> p = getEntry(key);
return (p==null ? null : p.value);
}
/**
* Returns this map's entry for the given key, or {@code null} if the map
* does not contain an entry for the key.
*
* @return this map's entry for the given key, or {@code null} if the map
* does not contain an entry for the key
* @throws ClassCastException if the specified key cannot be compared
* with the keys currently in the map
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
* and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator
* does not permit null keys
*/
final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
// Offload comparator-based version for sake of performance
if (comparator != null)
return getEntryUsingComparator(key);
if (key == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Comparable<? super K> k = (Comparable<? super K>) key;
Entry<K,V> p = root;
while (p != null) {
int cmp = k.compareTo(p.key);
if (cmp < 0)
p = p.left;
else if (cmp > 0)
p = p.right;
else
return p;
}
return null;
}
static final class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
K key;
V value;
Entry<K,V> left;
Entry<K,V> right;
Entry<K,V> parent;
boolean color = BLACK;
/**
* Make a new cell with given key, value, and parent, and with
* {@code null} child links, and BLACK color.
*/
Entry(K key, V value, Entry<K,V> parent) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.parent = parent;
}
/**
* Returns the key.
*
* @return the key
*/
public K getKey() {
return key;
}
/**
* Returns the value associated with the key.
*
* @return the value associated with the key
*/
public V getValue() {
return value;
}
/**
* Replaces the value currently associated with the key with the given
* value.
*
* @return the value associated with the key before this method was
* called
*/
public V setValue(V value) {
V oldValue = this.value;
this.value = value;
return oldValue;
}
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
return valEquals(key,e.getKey()) && valEquals(value,e.getValue());
}
public int hashCode() {
int keyHash = (key==null ? 0 : key.hashCode());
int valueHash = (value==null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
return keyHash ^ valueHash;
}
public String toString() {
return key + "=" + value;
}
}
Set
HashSet
源码展示：
通过代码可以看到HashSet里面的值都保存在HashMap中，因此可以参考HashMap解析。
public class HashSet<E>
extends AbstractSet<E>
implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;
private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<>();
}
/**
* Constructs a new set containing the elements in the specified
* collection. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with default load factor
* (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to contain the elements in
* the specified collection.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this set
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hash map
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hash map
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
TreeSet
源码展示：
通过代码可以看到TreeSet里面的值都保存在HashMap中，因此可以参考TreeMap解析。
public class TreeSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>
implements NavigableSet<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
/**
* The backing map.
*/
private transient NavigableMap<E,Object> m;
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
/**
* Constructs a set backed by the specified navigable map.
*/
TreeSet(NavigableMap<E,Object> m) {
this.m = m;
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the
* natural ordering of its elements. All elements inserted into
* the set must implement the {@link Comparable} interface.
* Furthermore, all such elements must be <i>mutually
* comparable</i>: {@code e1.compareTo(e2)} must not throw a
* {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and
* {@code e2} in the set. If the user attempts to add an element
* to the set that violates this constraint (for example, the user
* attempts to add a string element to a set whose elements are
* integers), the {@code add} call will throw a
* {@code ClassCastException}.
*/
public TreeSet() {
this(new TreeMap<E,Object>());
}
/**
* Constructs a new, empty tree set, sorted according to the specified
* comparator. All elements inserted into the set must be <i>mutually
* comparable</i> by the specified comparator: {@code comparator.compare(e1,
* e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException} for any elements
* {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the set. If the user attempts to add
* an element to the set that violates this constraint, the
* {@code add} call will throw a {@code ClassCastException}.
*
* @param comparator the comparator that will be used to order this set.
* If {@code null}, the {@linkplain Comparable natural
* ordering} of the elements will be used.
*/
public TreeSet(Comparator<? super E> comparator) {
this(new TreeMap<>(comparator));
}